Central Asia, Himalayan region, Bhutan, ca. late 19th to mid-20th century CE. An expressive wood ritual mask, perhaps intended as a skeletal protector deity known as Citipati, with stylized anthropomorphic and zoomorphic features

Despite their intense and overall frightening appearance, the Citipati protect the Dharma (Buddhist teachings) from forces of dejection and ignorance. Typically depicted in pairs, the skeletons or Citipati (also known as Chitipati) represent a pair of lovers known as the Lord and Lady of the funeral pyre, whose sacred skeleton dance symbolizes the eternal dance of death as well as the arrival at absolute consciousness. In the traditional performance of the Tibetan Skeleton dance at cemeteries, the two Dharmapalas (Protectors of Truth) are played by Monks. They are deities whose primary role is to protect the cemetery grounds. Beyond this, their presence signifies the ephemeral nature of this earthly world and reminds the audience members of their own mortality. The cult of the “Second Buddha,” Padmasambhava, planted the seed for this practice through their rich mythological literature.